Describe how many herbivores and omnivores you added (and what they eat) in order to create an ecosystem in which all three plant species can coexist

/in /by

Biology homework help

Read the Overview and launch this ecolosystem simulator. Familiarize yourself with the simulator interface. Notice that you can control which species are present in your environment initially and what the diets of each species are. The types of species possible in the program are Plants (A,B,C), Herbivores (A,B,C), Omnivores (A,B) and one top Predator. You can control the diet of each by indicating what they feed on. By setting up different starting configurations you can investigate the evolution of this simulated ecological system.
•   A. In a couple of sentences describe what happens when you start with only plants (A & B) and then all species of plants present.
•   B. Describe how many herbivores and omnivores you added (and what they eat) in order to create an ecosystem in which all three plant species can coexist. (if you cannot accomplish the survival of Plant C describe your best configuration. Describe your ecologies by identifying the species present and their diet, for instance:
Omnivore A eats Herbivore A, Herbivore A eats plant A and plant B, Herbivore B eats plant A, All plants present.
•   C. If you can accomplish part B., see if you can get all of the species to coexist. (limit your time on this entire experiment to 90 minutes)
•   D. If we assume that this simulation is a reasonable oversimplification of a typical ecosystems food web what does it tell us about biodiversity and ecology- are they robust or fragile? In general is an ecosystem’s biodiversity preserved as it responds to change?

Supplemental
Food webs

Virtual Lab 6:           Evolution

Supplemental
Natural Selection simulator 1
Natural Selection Simulator 2
Alternative to Lab 6: Experiments in Evolution
Alternative Lab writeup for 6

Experiments in Evolution This simulation follows a set of real life experiments in evolution and natural selection. Read about Endler’s work then familiarize yourself with the interface, guppies, guppy predators, and the experiment. Use an “even mix” of the different guppy color types to start. Run three experiments one with each of the combination of predators. Each experiment should run for five or more generations.
•   State the percentage that each color type makes up in your guppy population both before and after you have let five generations pass. With each experiment state a conclusion that is consistent with your observation.
•   What two selection pressures are operative?
Virtual Lab 7:           Anatomy and Dissection

A. Complete one of the following online dissections:

1. Earth worm
•  Identify items 1 & 2 on the external dorsal surface of the worm.
•   Identify items 3, 4, & 5 on the external ventral surface of the worm.
•   Identify item 2 in the internal morphology w/o the digestive tract.
•   Do worms have sex?

2. Fetal Pig
•   Use the Anatomical References guide. To what region of the body does dorsal, ventral, anterior, and posterior refer to?
•  Investigate the Nervous system. Name four large regions (lobes) of the brain and indicate roughly where they are located in the brain and their associated functions.

B. Comparative Anatomy and the fossil evidence of human evolution
•   Compare the the skull casts of a chimp, Australopithicus, Homo erectus,neanderthal, and modern Homo sapiens. Be sure to use the lateral view.
•  Describe features that are common and different between the cranial structure of these creatures. What patterns do you see?
•   Describe the basic time-line and sequence of evolution for the creatures listed above.

Supplemental:
The Human Brain 1, 2
Cat dissection 1, 2
Alternative lab for Comparative Anatomy

Virtual Lab 8:            Human Impacts
A. Water footprint: 1.Waterfootprint.org:, 2. H20 Conserve, 3. Goblue, 4. BBC
•   Describe the water crisis. How is it impacting women and children? What is happening with the Ogalala?
•   Describe what the water footprint is and how it is estimated.
•   Report at least two estimates of your water footprint
(and the calculator(s) that you used).
•   Describe three ways that you could reduce your water footprint.

B. Carbon footprint: 1. UK Government, 2. Terrapass , 3. C Footprint Ltd
•   Describe what has happened to atmospheric CO2 over the last 100,000 years and how this is thought to be impacting the climate.
•   Describe what the carbon footprint is and how it is estimated.
•   Report at least two estimates of your carbon footprint
(and the calculator(s) that you used).
•   Describe two ways that you could reduce your carbon footprint.
•   Describe two approaches to lowering our carbon footprint as a nation that you would advocate we adapt society wide.

Supplementals:
The Water cycle, Water crisis.
International comparison Carbon Footprints
Atmospheric CO2 levels- historical timeline
Ecological Footprint estimator 1 , 2
The human footprint over time

Why is it important to remove the adults in the parental generation?

/in /by

Biology homework help

BIO 101 Week 2 What Can Fruit Flies Reveal About Inheritance? Lab – The Mastering Biology Lab: Chapter 9 Investigation

 

University of Phoenix

 

 

Resource: Mastering Biology Access

Log into Mastering Biology. Instructions for logging into Mastering Biology and accessing the investigations are found in the “Mastering Biology Access” document located on the student website.

Complete the Mastering Biology Lab: Chapter 9 Investigation: What Can Fruit Flies Reveal About Inheritance?

  • Take notes in the investigation’s notebook as you perform the experiments.
  • Answer the questions associated with the investigation.

1. Why is it important to remove the adults in the parental generation?

2.What generation will their offspring be?

3 Based on the data obtained, is the cross in Case 1 monohybrid or dihybrid? Explain

4. Is the cross in Case 1 sex-linked or autosomal? Explain.

5. Based on the data obtained, is the most likely mode of inheritance in Case 2 autosomal or sex-linked? Explain.

6. From the data presented, what is the genotype of the parental (before the F1 generation; not shown here) generation?

7. Determine the degrees of freedom. This is the number of categories (red eyes or sepia eyes) minus one. For the data in Case 1, what is the number of degrees of freedom?

8. Find the probability (p) value for 1 degree of freedom in the 0.05 row. Compare this with the chi-square value you calculated in your Lab Notebook. What can you say about the null hypothesis?

 Analyze precursors and consequences of human interaction in terms of social psychology concepts.

/in /by
Week Five: Social Psychology

Abnormal Psychology and Therapy

 

 

Objectives5  

5.1  Analyze precursors and consequences of human interaction in terms of social psychology concepts.

5.2  Explore basic concepts of human interaction from a social psychology perspective.

5.3  Define abnormal psychology in contrast to “normal psychology.”

5.4  Examine mental disorders and mental illness from the psychological perspective.

5.5  Compare and contrast therapies designed for each school of thought in psychology for treating mental disorders.

  
ReadingsRead Ch. 14-17 of Psychology.

Review this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings

  
ParticipationParticipate in class discussion.Days 3 & 52
Discussion QuestionsRespond to weekly discussion questions. 2
Individual

Social Influences on Behavior Paper

Resources: Articles located through the University library or other libraries’  database sources

Prepare a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you examine basic concepts of special influence on human interaction from a psychological perspective. In your examination, describe at least two examples of how human behavior changes based on social influences.  In your description be sure to address the following:

 

·         Describe the specific behaviors (e.g., conformity).

·         Describe the context in which the behaviors occurred.

·         Analyze precursors and consequences of the behaviors in terms of social psychology concepts.

·         Identify any associated phenomenon with your selected behaviors, such as social facilitation, social loafing, or groupthink.

·         Determine if the exhibited behaviors necessitate therapeutic intervention.

 

     Use at least three credible, authored references.

 

Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.

Day 712
Learning Team

Abnormal Psychology and Therapy Paper

Prepare a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you discuss abnormal psychology and therapy. In your paper, be sure to address each one of the following items:

 

·         Compare and contrast normal and abnormal psychology.

·         Examine at least two mental disorders and two mental illnesses from the perspective of psychology.

·         Discuss the similarities and differences among the therapies for each school of thought in psychology for treating mental disorders.

 

Use at least three credible, authored references.

 

Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.

What family issues or social support systems may have influenced the person’s developmental growth and adjustment?

/in /by
Week Four: Motivation and Personality

Human Development

 DetailsDuePoints
Objectives4  

4.1  Examine basic theories of motivation.

4.2  Compare and contrast theories of personality in terms of how they explain an individual’s unique patterns and traits.

4.3  Determine the usefulness and the limitations of personality testing.

4.4  Identify basic theories of development.

4.5  Distinguish between the influences of heredity and environment on psychological development.

  
ReadingsRead Ch. 10, 12, & 13, of Psychology.

Review this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings

  
ParticipationParticipate in class discussion, posting one, 200+ word essay for each of the two Discussion Questions.Days 3 & 52
Discussion QuestionsRespond to weekly discussion question postings of others on four days, two responses per day. 2
Individual

Life Span Development and Personality Paper

Resources: Articles located through the University Library or other libraries’ database sources

 

Select a famous individual from the 20th or 21st centuries. Conduct research concerning the background of your selected individual to determine what forces have impacted his or her life from the viewpoint of developmental psychology.

 

Prepare a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you address the following items:

 

·         Distinguish between the influences of heredity and environment on the person’s psychological development. Be sure to specify which area of psychological development: moral, emotional, or other.

·         What family issues or social support systems may have influenced the person’s developmental growth and adjustment?

·         Select two different theories of personality and apply them to your selected figure, and answer the following question: How does each theory differ in terms of how it explains the individual’s unique patterns or traits?

·         Explain which theoretical approach you believe best explains the individual’s behaviors and achievements. Make sure to explain why you made this choice.

 

Use at least three credible, authored references.

.

Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.

Discuss how dividing attention facilitates or impedes each team member’s learning.

/in /by
Week Three: Memory, Thought, Language, and Intelligence
 DetailsDuePoints
Objectives3  

3.1  Examine the processes of memory and information processing.

3.2  Describe short-term memory and long-term memory in relationship to each other.

3.3  Compare and contrast language, thought, reasoning, and problem solving.

3.4  Explore the definitions of intelligence and the validity of intelligence measurements.

3.5  Articulate the relationship between memory and intelligence.

  
ReadingsRead Ch. 6–8 of Psychology.

Review this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings

  
ParticipationParticipate in class discussion, posting one, 200+ word essay for each of the two Discussion Questions.Days 3 & 52
Discussion QuestionsRespond to weekly discussion question postings of others on four days, two responses per day. 2
Individual Gardner Intelligence paperPrepare a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you discuss the theory of multiple intelligences developed by Howard Gardner.  Pick three and discuss how each can have an impact on your personal success.  Below is a list of the eight intelligences:

 

·         Linguistic

·         Musical

·         Logical-Mathematical

·         Naturalist

·         Spatial

·         Bodily-Kinesthetic

·         Intrapersonal

·         Interpersonal

 

Use at least three credible, authored references

 

Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.

Day 710
Learning Team

Sensation, Perception, and Attention Paper

Prepare a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you discuss the type of environment that facilitates the attention and perceptive processes of each Learning Team member. In order to prepare your report, perform the following activities:

 

·         Conduct an open dialogue about each team member’s threshold for auditory stimuli.

 

·         Compare the experiences and comfort levels of each team member with dichotic listening, or the “cocktail party” phenomenon.

 

·         Discuss how dividing attention facilitates or impedes each team member’s learning.

 

·         Identify and articulate what you see as the sensory perception problem involved.

 

 

Use at least three credible, authored references.

 

Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.

 Explain what extinction means and how it is achieved in both classical and operant conditioning.

/in /by

Biology homework help

SYLLABUS

College of Social Sciences

PSY/300 Version 2

General Psychology

Copyright © 2009, 2006, by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved.

 

Course Description

 

General Psychology is a survey course which introduces the student to the major topics in scientific psychology as applied to human behavior. Applications of these principles will be made to the human experience.

 

Policies

 

Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents:

 

·         University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document.

·         Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum.

 

University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality.

 

Course Materials

 

Kowalski, R., & Westen, D. (2011). Psychology (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

 

All electronic materials are available on the student website.

 

Week One: The Science of Psychology
 DetailsDuePoints
Objectives1.1  Examine the major underlying assumptions of the various schools of thought in psychology.

1.2  Explain how psychological research applies to various aspects of personal and social life.

1.3  Determine what guidelines should be applied to the evaluation of psychological research and practices.

1.4  Identify ethical dilemmas that may arise in psychological research.

1.5  Describe the basic biological foundations of psychology.

  
ReadingsRead Ch. 1–3 of Psychology.

Review this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings.

  
ParticipationParticipate in class discussion, posting one, 200+ word essay for each of the two DQs.Days 3 & 52
Discussion QuestionsRespond to weekly discussion questions on four days, two responses per day. 2
Nongraded Activities and Preparation

MyPsychLab

Use the link on the student web page to access and view the following video clips:

 

·         Branches of Psychology

·         The Complexity of Humans

  
Individual Foundations of Psychology PaperPrepare a 700- to 1,050-word paper in which you examine the foundations of psychology. In your paper be sure to address the following components:

·         Identify the major schools of thought in psychology and examine their major underlying assumptions.

·         Describe the biological foundations of psychology.

 

Use at least three credible, authored references.

 

Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.

Day 65

 

 

Week Two:Sensation and Perception

Learning

 DetailsDuePoints
Objectives2  

2.1  Describe the concepts of transduction and absolute threshold.

2.2  Examine sensation as it relates to the visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, and gustatory systems.

2.3  Distinguish sensation from perception.

2.4  Explore the conditioning processes involved with learning.

2.5  Distinguish between classical and operant conditioning.

2.6  Define unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, reinforcement, shaping, and extinction.

2.7  Examine cognitive-social models of learning.

  
ReadingsRead Ch. 4 & 5 of Psychology.

Review this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings.

  
ParticipationParticipate in class discussion, posting one, 200+ word essay for each of the two DQsDays 3 & 52
Discussion QuestionsRespond to weekly discussion question posts of others on four days, two responses per day. 2
Nongraded Activities and Preparation

MyPsychLab

Use the link on the student web page to access and view the following video clips:

·         A Nobel-Winning Study in Feature Detectors

·         Frequency and Amplitude of Sound Waves

·         The Shaping Process

  
Learning Team AssignmentComplete the Learning Team CharterDay 43
Individual

Phobias and Addictions Paper

Prepare a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you discuss phobias and addictions as related to classical and operant conditioning.  Phobias and addictions are two emotional difficulties which learning theorists can account for.  Be sure to include the following:

 

Distinguish between classical and operant conditioning

 

·         Explore how phobias can be developed through classical conditioning.

·         Explore how addictions can be developed through operant conditioning..

·         Explain what extinction means and how it is achieved in both classical and operant conditioning.

 

Use at least three credible, authored references

 

Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.

How you will measure enzyme activity (method)

/in /by

The Effect of low pH on Enzyme Activity

Design an experiment in which you will test the effect of an acidic fluid on enzymatic activity. (Recall: enzymes are proteins.) To complete this project, it may be useful for you to review the Scientific Method Tutorial (found the Course Content section of the classroom under the Science Learning Center link) and the Scientific Method lab (Lab 1), so that you can better understand how to design an experiment.  It may also be helpful for you to review your textbook and Lab 4 (Enzymes).  As you review Lab 4, you will be reminded that there are several factors that impact enzymatic activity: pH, temperature, and amount of reagent.  Feel free to refer to observations and information from Lab 4 as you complete the Final Applied Project (see the questions below). Or in other words, it is OK to use the same enzyme/subtrate/method as you did in lab 4 (but modify the treatment), or you can search on-line to find a different enzyme/subtrate/method for measuring enzyme activity.

As you design your experiment for this project, please remember that you are trying to examine how an acidic fluid will modify the outcome of an enzymatic reaction.  To successfully complete this project, you will need to identify the question(s) being asked in your experiment and the hypothesis that you are testing.  In your experimental design, you must clearly explain what you are doing. That means that you will need to identify the enzyme and the acid, as well as explain your experimental protocol (this information will help you to answer question 2).  You must also thoroughly explain how the addition of the acidic fluid impacted the overall reaction process (this information will help you to answer question 4).

Hint: Keep in mind that the acid will change the environmental conditions of the experiment (for example, a low pH value could change the shape of the active site on the enzyme protein), without directly participating in the reaction.

Lab Materials

You may need all or some of the following, depending on your experimental design:

Materials from your lab kit:

· pH paper

· hydrogen peroxide solution (you can purchase this at a pharmacy if you have used up the bottle that came with the lab kit)

· plastic beakers or cups

· vinegar

· yeast (can be purchased at grocery store if you need more)

· balloons

· plastic bottle

· marker for labeling of beakers

You may choose to use additional materials (different acidic solutions and/or different organisms and/or differnet subtrate(s) if you chose to look at an enzyme other than catalase).

Outline  submit in assignment folder in week 7.

I suggest you include the following in your outline:

· Name of enzyme you will use, and source (organism)

· The substrate

· How you will measure enzyme activity (method)

· What type of treatment you will you; type of solution(s), pH, length of exposure, how you will treat your samples

· The control(s) in the experiment

· Sample size

· Maybe how you plan to present your data (table and/or type of graph)

· Anything else you would like to get feedback on before you start your experiment.

Write a paper that includes the following:

1. Title page: title, your name, course name, semester

2. Introduction: introduce your project, include needed background information, the question(s) that you are asking and a clear hypothesis for your experiment.

3. Design an experiment. Provide a detailed account of the materials and methods used to conduct the experiment. Also include the methods for data collection and analysis.

4. Conduct the experiment and record your results. What did you observe? Present your data in table and/or graph . Remember to include the unit of measure.

5. Use your knowledge about enzymes and acids to interpret and discuss your results. It may be necessary for you to refer to your textbook and/or use other information resources. What effect does the acidic treatement have on the enzyme activity? Looking back, how could you have improved your experiment?

6. What is your conclusion? Was your hypothesis supported?

7. Cite all reference sources used (including text book) and provide a reference section with citations in APA format

What are some of the examples of biotechnology that have made improvements to your life?

/in /by

Biology homework help

Assaignment # 1

The Discussion Board (DB) is part of the core of online learning. Classroom discussion in an online environment requires the active participation of students and the instructor to create robust interaction and dialogue. Every student is expected to create an original response to the open-ended DB question as well as engage in dialogue by responding to posts created by others throughout the week. At the end of each unit, DB participation will be assessed based on both level of engagement and the quality of the contribution to the discussion.

At a minimum, each student will be expected to post an original and thoughtful response to the DB question and contribute to the weekly dialogue by responding to at least two other posts from students. The first contribution must be posted before midnight (Central Time) on Wednesday of each week. Two additional responses are required after Wednesday of each week. Students are highly encouraged to engage on the Discussion Board early and often, as that is the primary way the university tracks class attendance and participation.

The purpose of the Discussion Board is to allow students to learn through sharing ideas and experiences as they relate to course content and the DB question. Because it is not possible to engage in two-way dialogue after a conversation has ended, no posts to the DB will be accepted after the end of each unit.

Background

Biotechnology allows the use of living organisms or their processes for human needs or purposes. Currently, this topic includes such general examples as cloning, stem cells (adult, umbilical cord, and embryonic), DNA fingerprinting, biological warfare, bioremediation, genetically modified organisms, vaccines, and transgenic plants and animals to name a few. In this assignment, you will explore specific examples of biotechnology applications.

Assignment Details

Part 1

Biotechnology is the use of a living thing or any part of a living thing to make a product or process that improves human life. For this part of the assignment, discuss the following:

  • What are some of the examples of biotechnology that have made improvements to your life?
  • Describe how one of these has made your life better.
  • Do you have any concerns with biotechnology? Explain.

Part 2

In 2008, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved food derived from cloned animals. In addition, these products will not need to be labeled as “cloned” or “from clones” (Black, 2008). The FDA explains that you will not be eating the clone itself. It takes thousands of dollars to clone a food animal such as a cow or pig. Animals that are cloned for improved food production will be used for a breeding program to produce many offspring with the desirable traits for increased meat or milk yield. These offspring of the clones will be fair game for food. Discuss the following:

  • Do you think there are differences between a clone and a “normal” animal?
  • How do you feel about eating a cloned animal?
  • Is your opinion of eating a cloned plant different?

Reference

Black, R. (2008). U.S. approves animal clones as food. Retrieved from the BBC News Web site: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7190305.stm

Provide references in APA format. This includes a reference list and in-text citations for references used throughout the assignment.

In your own words, please post responses to the Discussion Board posts of at least two of your classmates. Responses must be substantive, i.e. say something of substance that advances the discussion about the concepts. You will be graded on the quality of your postings.

For assistance with your assignment, please use your text, the AIU Library, Web resources, and all course materials. Please refer to the following:

  • Unit 3: Biotechnology Online

This assignment will also be assessed using additional criteria provided here.

What is the difference between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

/in /by

Biology homework help

Pre-Lab Questions

1.     Identify the major similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

 

2.     Where is the DNA housed in a prokaryotic cell? Where is it housed in a eukaryotic cell?

 

3.      Identify three structures which provide support and protection in a eukaryotic cell.

 

 

Post-Lab Questions
Experiment 1: Cell Structure and Function

1.     Label each of the arrows in the following slide image:

 

 

2.     What is the difference between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

3.     Would an animal cell be able to survive without a mitochondria? Why or why not?

4.     What could you determine about a specimen if you observed a slide image showing the specimen with a cell wall, but no nucleus or mitochondria?

5.     Hypothesize why parts of a plant, such as the leaves, are green, but other parts, such as the roots, are not. Use scientific reasoning to support your hypothesis.

Discuss the validity and future implications of the research. 

/in /by

BIO 119 – Biology for Health Professionals

 

Journal Assignment

 

The assignment is worth 60 points (39 drafts/21 final)

 

 

 

This is an INDIVIDUAL assignment!

 

 

 

The objective of this assignment is to provide you with experience in evaluating scientific research papers.  The abilities to understand and critically analyze the results of a scientific journal article are critical in the healthcare field.  For this assignment, you will evaluate how the scientific method has been applied in a peer-reviewed journal article.

 

 

 

You will complete this assignment in four sections (39 points) and then submit a final revised paper (21 points).  Due dates for all components are listed on your syllabus – do not forget!!  Every section is graded and details are explained below and in the rubric.

 

 

 

For this assignment, you are required to provide a summary of the scientific method as it was presented by the journal authors.  Refer to the following information when completing your paper.

 

 

 

Format: 

 

·                     The paper shall be about 2-4 pages in length, double-spaced, and 12-font type.

 

·                     Include your name at the top right hand corner of the first page.

 

·                     Title:  The title should be centered at the top of the first page of your paper, single-spaced, in 12-font type.  Choose a title that concisely explains the topic of your paper.

 

·                     A title page is not required.

 

 

 

Grammar and spelling:
The paper shall be written with proper grammar and free of spelling errors.  Use spell check, and carefully read your paper prior to turning it in.  ½ point will be deducted for each spelling or grammatical error.

 

 

 

Evaluation of Scientific Method and Research:

 

Identify and describe the following components of the scientific method in the body of your paper:

 

 

 

Section 1:  Definitions and Observations (8 points)

 

·         Definition of Terms and Concepts:  Define any important terms and concepts so that the reader understands the topic of the journal article.  You will likely need to reference additional sources of information.Make sure you properly cite the source(s) of your information.

 

·         Observations and Previous Studies:  Describe the observations that led the authors to conduct this study.  This information can usually be found in the background information and discussion sections of the article.  Describe at least one previous study that led the authors to investigate the current topic.

 

·         Question:  In your own words, state the question that the authors are trying to answer in their experiment.  The question should be specific enough that it leads to the framing of a good hypothesis.  This should be written in the form of a question.

 

 

 

Section 2:  Hypothesis and Experimental Design (10 points)

 

·         Hypothesis:  State the hypothesis provided by the authors of the article.  Make sure that you identify the statement as the hypothesis (i.e., “The hypothesis is…”).  The hypothesis should be written in your own words.  It should be specific and written in the proper format.

 

·         Experiment:  Describe the experiment as it is outlined in the journal article.  The following components must be included:

 

·         Independent variable:  State the independent variable.

 

·         Dependent variable:  State the dependent variable.

 

·         Controlled (constant) variables:  List the controlled variables used by the authors during the experiment.

 

·         Control and experimental groups:  Identify the control and experimental groups.

 

·         Description of experiment and data collection:  Describe the steps of the experiment.  Include a description of how data and results were collected.You will need to cite the journal article as the source for the details.

 

Section 3:  Summary and Interpretation of Results(12 points)
This section requires that you read the article, summarize the results with specific details from graphics in the paper, and explain the results of the study.  This section will be 1 – 3 paragraphs long, depending on the paper.  This section must contain the following:

 

·         Summary of results:  Describe the results of the authors’ experiment for each dependent variable.  Be specific and include examples of the qualitative and/or quantitative results.  Compare and contrast the results of the control and experimental groups.

 

·         Reference to graphic:  Choose one results table, graph, or diagram from the paper and refer to it during your summary of results.  The graphic must describe results, NOT the experimental design nor the demographics of the subjects.

 

·         Explain what information is being presented in the graphic.  This information is often found in the title of the graphic and/or the caption.

 

·         Describe the results presented in the graphic.  Give SPECIFIC examples of quantitative and/or qualitative data presented in the graphic.  Cite your journal article as the source of this data.

 

·         Explain what the results presented in the graphic mean in detail.

 

·         Explanation of results:  Explain the results as if you were explaining them to a patient or family member. Interpret and summarize them in lay person’s language.  What is the significance and health/medical application of this study? Write this as if you are actually explaining to the patient.

 

·         Analysis of hypothesis:  Discuss whether the hypothesis was supported or refuted.  Why or why not?

 

 

 

Section 4:  Discussion (9 points)

 

Discuss the validity and future implications of the research.  You should discuss at least two of the following points.  You must cite outside sources to support your statements.

 

·         Was the experiment designed and conducted according to proper scientific method?  Give specific examples of how it did or did not follow the scientific method.

 

·         Are the authors’ results supported by or in opposition to research conducted by other scientists?

 

·         What additional research or experimentation is needed?  What would you recommend to further investigate this topic?

 

·         What are the implications of this research (i.e., what is its use in the “real world?”)?  How does this research add to the basic field of study or to the disease process specifically?

 

 

 

Additional Resources:

 

Additional resources are required in this paper.  They may be helpful in understanding the observations (background) and analyzing the results of the experiments.  An additional source is required for both of your discussion points.  Additional resources must be cited in the paper and reference page.

 

 

 

Citations within paper (in-text or parenthetical citations):

 

You must provide proper citation of all references (including your article) throughout the paper.  In-text citations tell the reader where paraphrased or quoted information came from.

Paraphrasing is putting the ideas from a resource in your own words.  When paraphrasing, it is not sufficient to change only one word of a sentence!  See me if you are unclear on how to paraphrase.  If you copy word-for-word from a resource, you must put the quoted (word-for-word) material in quotation marks.  The majority of the paper should be in your own words or paraphrasing, not direct quotations from resources.

Follow APA style for in-text citations.  Refer to the APA Citation Guide and the following HCC webpage for more information on how to cite sources within the body of your paper:  http://www.harford.edu/library/citation_resources/style_guides/apaintext.pdf

Failure to appropriately cite resources within the body of your paper or to include quotation marks around any word-for-word quotations will be considered plagiarism.  Plagiarism may result in loss of points and possibly a zero for the assignment.

http://www.harford.edu/library/tutorials/captivate_tutorials/apa.htm provides a tutorial on how to create a reference page and how to cite sources within your paper.  You should complete this tutorial as part of your preparations for this assignment.  Additional APA citation information can be found at http://www.harford.edu/library/citation_resources/ and at http://www.apastyle.org/learn/tutorials/basics-tutorial.aspx

 

 

 

Reference Page:

 

This reference page will include the citation for the source of the article and for all sources consulted.  Follow APA style for the citations.  Use the APA Citation Guide on Blackboard to complete your reference page and in-text citatio