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1.Saliva is an acceptable specimen to analyze in place of sputum to properly diagnose a patient’s lower respiratory infection.

2. A negative result for a rapid immunodiagnostic test to detect strep throat in a child should be submitted for culture before ruling out an infection.

3. The three parts of a urine culture are to perform a colony count, isolate and identify the pathogen and determine the isolate’s antimicrobial sensitivity.

4. Refrigeration of fecal specimens may enhance the recovery of Salmonella species from the sample.

5. Miniaturized biochemical test systems are only available for the identification of yeasts.

6. MALDI-TOF can quickly identify a microorganism by measuring the mass-to-charge ratio of ionized particles and producing a proteomic fingerprint that is compared to known reference strains.

7. Attachment of the pathogen to host tissues is an essential step for all infectious diseases.

8. The earliest symptoms of a disease appear during the incubation period.

9. As bacterial flagella facilitate cellular motility, they cannot be considered virulence factors.

10. The M-protein of S. pyogenes contributes to pathogenicity by promoting attachment to host cells and evading phagocytosis by leukocytes.

11. An important identifying feature of Staphylococcus epidermidis in the lab is its ability to produce coagulase.

12. Exotoxins are lipid-based molecules that include neurotoxins and enterotoxins.

13. Only C. diphtheriae infected with a particular phage can produce diphtheria toxin.